The EXEC keyword is used to execute a stored procedure.

The EXISTS keyword tests for the existence of any record in a subquery, and returns “true” if the subquery returns one or more records.

The FROM keyword is used to specify which table to select or delete data from.

The FULL OUTER JOIN keyword returns all rows when there is a match in either the left table or right table.

The GROUP BY keywords are used to group the result set (used with aggregate functions: COUNT, MAX, MIN, SUM, AVG).

The HAVING keyword is used instead of WHERE with aggregate functions.

The IN keyword allows you to specify multiple values in a WHERE clause, and is shorthand for multiple OR conditions.

The INNER JOIN keywords returns rows that have matching values in both tables.

The INSERT INTO statement is used to insert new records in a table.

The INSERT INTO SELECT keywords copies data from one table and inserts it into another table.

The IS NOT NULL keywords are used to test for non-empty values (NOT NULL values).

The IS NULL keywords are used to test for empty values (NULL values).

The JOIN keyword is used in an INNER JOIN, LEFT JOIN, RIGHT JOIN, and FULL OUTER JOIN to return matching rows from two tables.

The LEFT JOIN keywords return all rows from the left table, and the matching rows from the right table (NULL from the right side if there is no match).

The LIKE keyword is used in a WHERE clause to search for a specified pattern in a column. It can use two wildcards: % and _.

The NOT keyword is used with other SQL keywords to only include rows where a condition is NOT true.

The NOT NULL keywords enforces a column to NOT accept NULL values (a record cannot be inserted/updated without adding a value to that field).