- Tags: Print, Responsive
- Categories: CSS Reference, CSS Resources, Reference
Quick Reference
The @media Rule describes CSS media queries to be used to define style rules for specific device types or a wide range of screen sizes and capabilities.
Below are three of the most used media queries.
- The first example targets screens that are 767px and smaller
- The second example targets screens that are 768px or larger
- The third example targets screens between 1024px and 1439px inclusive
The rules applicable to each scenario are then written as normal, but inside the media query.
@media screen and (max-width: 767px) {
.bar {
display: none;
}
}
@media screen and (min-width: 768px) {
.foo {
display: none;
}
}
@media screen and (min-width: 1024px) and (max-width: 1439px) {
.foo {
background-color: white;
}
}
Using And with Or
Using a comma between size settings acts as an “or” statement. The following will target screens that are between 1024px and 1439px (inclusive) OR screens that are 1920px or larger.
@media screen and (min-width: 768px) and (max-width: 1439px), (min-width: 1920px) {
.foo {
background-color: white;
}
}
Orientation: Portrait / Landscape
The screen orientation can also be targeted (works great for tablets to determine how it’s being held by the user).
- The first example targets screens that are wider than they are tall
- The second example targets screens that are taller than they are wide
@media screen and (orientation: landscape) {
.foo {
background-color: white;
}
}
@media screen and (orientation: portrait) {
.foo {
background-color: white;
}
}
Print and Speech
Just as we can target the “screen”, we can target a device intended to print or read a document.
- The first example targets printers
- The second example targets printers where the page is taller than it is wide
- The third targets speech reading devices
@media print {
.foo {
background-color: white;
}
}
@media print and (orientation: portrait) {
.foo {
background-color: white;
}
}
@media speech {
.foo {
background-color: white;
}
}
Media Types
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| all | Used for all media type devices |
| Used for printers | |
| screen | Used for computer screens, tablets, smart-phones etc. |
| speech | Used for screenreaders that read the page out loud to the user |
Media Features
| Value | Description |
|---|---|
| any-hover | Does any available input mechanism allow the user to hover over elements? |
| any-pointer | Is any available input mechanism a pointing device, and if so, how accurate is it? |
| aspect-ratio | The ratio between the width and the height of the viewport |
| color | The number of bits per color component for the output device |
| color-gamut | The approximate range of colors that are supported by the user agent and output device |
| color-index | The number of colors the device can display |
| grid | Whether the device is a grid or bitmap |
| height | The viewport height |
| hover | Does the primary input mechanism allow the user to hover over elements? |
| inverted-colors | Is the browser or underlying OS inverting colors? |
| light-level | Current ambient light level |
| max-aspect-ratio | The maximum ratio between the width and the height of the display area |
| max-color | The maximum number of bits per color component for the output device |
| max-color-index | The maximum number of colors the device can display |
| max-height | The maximum height of the display area, such as a browser window |
| max-monochrome | The maximum number of bits per "color" on a monochrome (grayscale) device |
| max-resolution | The maximum resolution of the device, using dpi or dpcm |
| max-width | The maximum width of the display area, such as a browser window |
| min-aspect-ratio | The minimum ratio between the width and the height of the display area |
| min-color | The minimum number of bits per color component for the output device |
| min-color-index | The minimum number of colors the device can display |
| min-height | The minimum height of the display area, such as a browser window |
| min-monochrome | The minimum number of bits per "color" on a monochrome (grayscale) device |
| min-resolution | The minimum resolution of the device, using dpi or dpcm |
| min-width | The minimum width of the display area, such as a browser window |
| monochrome | The number of bits per "color" on a monochrome (grayscale) device |
| orientation | The orientation of the viewport (landscape or portrait mode) |
| overflow-block | How does the output device handle content that overflows the viewport along the block axis |
| overflow-inline | Can content that overflows the viewport along the inline axis be scrolled |
| pointer | Is the primary input mechanism a pointing device, and if so, how accurate is it? |
| resolution | The resolution of the output device, using dpi or dpcm |
| scan | The scanning process of the output device |
| scripting | Is scripting (e.g. JavaScript) available? |
| update | How quickly can the output device modify the appearance of the content |
| width | The viewport width |
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CSS NOTES:
- The “inherit”, “initial” and “unset” keywords can be used with any CSS property to set its value
- In CSS there are many ways to express a color value in a property
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